Let's talk about food sovereignty and native corn

Roundtable 1: Political, legal and epistemic disputes
Since 2020, tensions between trade law and the right to food and health have intensified following litigation over Mexico’s ban on transgenic corn for human consumption within the context of the USMCA. The controversy raises fundamental questions related to food sovereignty, human, multi-species and ecosystem health, and the rights of peoples to nutritious and culturally appropriate food.

This roundtable took place on May 30th 2025 in Spanish. You can download the English translation here.
Aldo González Rojas, a Zapotec engineer from Guelatao de Juárez, Oaxaca, is a member of the indigenous rights department of the Union of Organisations of the Sierra Juárez, Oaxaca, where he has worked to defend the rights of indigenous peoples. He runs an ongoing campaign to defend native Mexican corn varieties and combat contamination by genetically modified organisms. He is a member of the Network in Defense of Corn, promoting the right to self-determination of indigenous peoples in Zapotec Xidza communities in the Northern Sierra of Oaxaca. He has participated in the Oaxacan Collective in Defense of Territories and, together with his colleagues at UNOSJO, organizes the Summer Workshop ‘Strategies for Community Teaching’. Dr. Ernesto Hernández López is Professor at Chapman University School of Law in California. He researches the legal aspects of agriculture and food production, including international law, biotechnology, sanitary and phytosanitary standards, trade agreements, constitutional law, with a focus on cruelty to farm animals. He was a professor of international relations at the Universidad del Rosario and the Universidad Javeriana, both in Bogotá, Colombia. Dr. Alma Piñeiro Nelson is a biologist and holds a PhD in Science from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). She completed a postdoctoral fellowship at the University of California, Berkeley. Since June 2015, she has been a senior research professor at the Autonomous University of Mexico (UAM) Xochimilco, attached to the Department of Agricultural and Animal Production, where she is currently in charge of the Plant Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory. Her areas of expertise are the molecular genetics of plant development, biosafety, biomonitoring of native corn in Mexico, and the evolutionary ecology of corn development. She has participated in various research projects related to the detection of transgenes in seeds, grains, and corn-derived foods, as well as the study of the ecological and human dynamics that favour the flow of transgenes in this grass. Polette Rivero Villaverde, M.S., is an expert in International Relations and Latin American Studies. She is a full-time professor at the Centre for International Relations of the Faculty of Political and Social Sciences at UNAM and has collaborated on various research projects on Latin American geopolitics and geoeconomics, economic crisis and civilisational crisis, as well as food security, food sovereignty and the role of food in wars and financialisation. As part of her professional experience, in 2019 she worked as Deputy Director of International Policy and Regulations at the Inter- Secretarial Commission on Biosafety of Genetically Modified Organisms of Conacyt. Dr. Ana Laura Wegier Briuolo is a researcher at UNAM, specialising in conservation genetics and agrobiodiversity. She studies wild and domesticated species such as cotton and maize, integrating science, politics and society for the conservation of biodiversity. Passionate about scientific outreach, Dr. Wegier is actively involved in issues related to agrobiodiversity, conservation, evolution, and public policy. She participates in national and international commissions related to sustainability, conservation, and biosafety, and served as an expert witness on the USMCA Panel on Mexican measures regarding genetically modified corn in matters of gene flow and biodiversity.

Learning points

  • What fuelled the trade dispute within the USMCA between Mexico on one side, and the United States and Canada on the other, over Mexican restrictions on imports of genetically modified corn for human consumption? Why does this dispute allow us to visualise ideological, epistemic and political controversies surrounding food and human, multispecies and ecosystem health?
  • What role do native corn varieties play in the diets, cultures, and identities of the peoples of Mexico, and why is there popular resistance to genetically modified corn?
  • How do different conceptions of food ‘risk’ and ‘safety’ contrast among political actors with divergent economic and ideological interests?
  • How is coloniality present in the international commercial and legal framework informing the global food system?
  • What political and economic interests are at stake in disputes over maize and food systems in the global context?
  • What do the peasant communities of La Vía Campesina propose when they fight for food sovereignty, and how does their proposal contrast with the dominant commercial system?